Literature review on the impact of leptospirosis as a zoonotic disease on global public health

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of great public health importance, and its impact is analyzed with particular emphasis on cases registered in the municipality of Barrancabermeja. Its causative agent, the bacterium Leptospira spp., which affects both humans and domestic animals, is described, and its main transmission routes are examined, such as direct contact with infected urine or tissues and exposure to contaminated environments. The epidemiological aspects in the region are also addressed, highlighting how environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic factors favor its spread. The clinical signs and pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the systemic manifestations in affected individuals are detailed. Given its impact on populations, the need to implement comprehensive preventive strategies is emphasized, including health education, environmental control, and vaccination of reservoir animals. In turn, the most effective therapeutic measures are presented, and the conclusion highlights the urgency of strengthening epidemiological surveillance and intersectoral coordination to mitigate the incidence of this pathology in Barrancabermeja.