CLASIFICACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS PROBLEMAS GENERADOS POR LA UTILIZACIÓN DE DRONES EN LA ÚLTIMA MILLA: REVISIÓN A LA LITERATURA
Palavras-chave:
Entrega con drones, logística de última milla, tecnologías industria 4.0Resumo
El auge del e-Business ha propiciado un incremento en la demanda de servicios de entrega de última milla al cliente final, lo que ha llevado a esta fase a ser la más costosa en la cadena de suministro. Para mantener la competitividad, las empresas están explorando el uso de tecnologías emergentes de la industria 4.0, con un enfoque particular en la utilización de drones para las entregas de última milla. La principal ventaja de los drones radica en su capacidad para seguir la ruta más directa entre dos puntos, es decir, en línea recta, lo que elimina entregas fallidas al permitir que el producto llegue directamente al cliente en un plazo de minutos. Esto aporta beneficios operativos significativos, como la reducción del tiempo de entrega y el ahorro de costos. Además, esta modalidad de entrega contribuye a la protección del medio ambiente al reducir las emisiones de gases contaminantes, en especial el CO2. Sin embargo, las operaciones con drones se enfrentan a limitaciones como la capacidad de la batería, el alcance de entrega, los riesgos de privacidad y las restricciones legales. En el presente estudio, realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo una metodología ampliamente aceptada en el campo. Hemos utilizado el método PRISMA para estructurar la presentación de la información y el método STROBE para sintetizar los datos más relevantes. Analizamos 358 documentos procedentes de las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, todos ellos relacionados con la entrega de última milla utilizando drones. Asimismo, hemos creado un panorama bibliométrico mediante las herramientas digitales VantagePoint, VOSviewer y Microsoft Excel. Nuestro análisis bibliométrico indica que el uso de drones para la logística de última milla es un tema relativamente reciente en la comunidad científica. Actualmente, no existen amplias redes de autores, coautores, instituciones y países trabajando en este tema, predominando los trabajos individuales o entre los mismos autores e instituciones. Sin embargo, hemos identificado un creciente interés en este campo de estudio desde 2017, posiblemente motivado por la primera entrega real a una cliente realizada por Amazon en 2016, que solo tardó 13 minutos desde el punto de compra hasta la entrega. Por último, hemos categorizado los problemas derivados del uso de drones en la entrega de paquetes de última milla. Identificamos cuestiones relacionadas con el enrutamiento, la infraestructura, la sostenibilidad, la logística humanitaria, la energía, los permisos legales y las revisiones bibliográficas. La mayoría de los documentos se centran en la optimización del enrutamiento, específicamente en el problema del enrutamiento de vehículos con drones (VRPD) y el problema del vendedor ambulante con drones (TSPD).
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